architectural history

Whether you like about the architecture of the building mainly houses? Do you already know about the history of architecture? Where did the word architecture was born?
Here is the history of architecture.

Architecture is born of the dynamics between needs (needs a conducive environment, security, etc.), and the ways (available building materials and construction technology). Prehistoric and primitive architecture is an early stage of this dynamic. Then the man becomes more developed and knowledge began to take shape through oral tradition and practices, architecture evolved into skills. At this stage there is the testing process, improvisation, or imitation to become a successful outcome. An architect was not an important figure, he merely continues the tradition. Vernacular architecture is born from such approach and is still practiced in many parts of the world.

Human settlements in the past is essentially rural. Then arises the surplus production, so that rural communities develop into urban society. The complexity of building and tipologinya increased. Technology development of public facilities such as roads and bridges were developed. Typology of new buildings such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities also appear. Religious architecture remained an important part in society. Developing architectural styles, and papers on architecture began to appear. Writings into a collection of rules (canon) to be followed, especially in the construction of religious architecture. Examples of this canon include works written by Vitruvius, or Vaastu Shastra of ancient India. In the period of Classical and Medieval Europe, the building is not the work of individual architects, but professional associations (guilds) is formed by the artisan / specialist building skills to organize the project.

During the Enlightenment, the humanities and the emphasis on the individual becomes more important than religion, and a new beginning in the architecture. Development assigned to individual architects - Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci - and the cult of the individual began. But at that moment, there is no clear division of tasks between artists, architects, or engineers or other areas of work-related. At this stage, an artist can design a bridge for calculating the structure in it is still general.

Along with the incorporation of knowledge from many disciplines (eg engineering), and the emergence of new building materials and technology, an architect shift its focus from technical aspects of building toward the aesthetic. Then bermunculanlah "priyayi architect" who usually dealt with bouwheer (client) is rich and concentrated on the visual elements in a form that refers to the historical examples. In the 19th century, the Ecole des Beaux Arts in France to train would-be architects to create sketches and beautiful images without emphasizing the context.

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution opened the door for public consumption, so the aesthetics to a size that can be achieved even by the middle class. Formerly ornate aesthetic products is limited in scope expensive skills, become affordable through mass production. Such products does not have the beauty and honesty in the expression of a production process.

Dissatisfaction with such situations in the early 20th century gave birth to the ideas that underlie modern architecture, among others, the Deutscher Werkbund (established 1907) which produces machine-made objects with better quality are at the birth of the profession in the field of industrial design. After that, the Bauhaus school (established in Germany in 1919) rejected the past history and choose to see architecture as a synthesis of art, skill, and technology.

When Modern architecture began to be practiced, it is the vanguard of a movement with a basic moral, philosophical, and aesthetic. Truth sought by rejecting history and turning to the function that gave birth to form. Architects then became an important figure and dubbed as the "master". Later modern architecture into the scope of mass production because of its simplicity and economic factors.

However, the public sensed a decline in the quality of modern architecture in the 1960s, partly because of lack of meaning, sterility, ugliness, uniformity, and psychological impacts. Some architects answered through the Post-Modern Architecture with enterprise architecture to form a more acceptable public on the visual level, even at the expense of depth. Robert Venturi argued that "the shack adorned / decorated Shed" (ordinary building interiors are functionally designed it while its ornate exterior) is better than a "duck / duck" (the building where both form and function into one). Venturi opinion is the basis for the Post-Modern Architecture approach.

Some other architects (and also non-architects) to answer by showing what they thought was the root of the problem. They felt that architecture is not a philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by private individuals, but the architecture should consider the needs of everyday people and using technology to achieve an environment that can be occupied. Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Chris Jones or Christopher Alexander started looking for a more inclusive process in the design, to get better results. Peneilitian depth in various fields such as behavioral, environmental, and humanities is to become the basis of the design process.

Along with the increasing complexity of building, architecture becomes more multi-disciplinary than ever. Current architecture requires a set of professionals in the process. This is the current state of the architect profession. However, the architect of individuals still preferred and sought after in the design of significant buildings of cultural symbols. For example, a museum of art into style experimentation dekonstruktivis land today, but tomorrow maybe something else.